5.6 Vertical spacing (LilyPond 学习手册)

### 5.6 Vertical spacing

As a rule, LilyPond’s vertical spacing of musical objects is pretty good. Let’s see how it does with a simple song, with 2 voices and piano accompaniment:

There’s nothing wrong with the default vertical spacing. However, let’s assume that you’re working with a publisher with some specific requirements for vertical spacing of staves and lyrics: they want the lyrics spaced away from any notes, they want the piano accompaniment spaced away from the vocal line and they want the two piano staves pushed together tightly. Let’s start with the lyrics.

Lyrics sit within a system, and therefore the commands to space them are found in Flexible vertical spacing within systems. It tells us that lyrics are ‘non-staff lines’ and therefore the command to change their spacing will refer to a property that has the word `nonstaff` in its name. Spacing them away from the staff to which they relate (the top line) is indicated by the the word `relatedstaff`. Spacing them from the lower line is indicated by the word `unrelatedstaff`. The vocal parts are part of a `VerticalAxisGroup`, so we need to adjust its properties. Let’s try it and see if it works.

>     <<
>       \new ChoirStaff
>       <<
>         \new Staff {
>           \new Voice = "music" {
>             b'2 c' c' c'
>           }
>         }
>         \new Lyrics \with {
>           \override VerticalAxisGroup
>                     .nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing.padding = 5
>           \override VerticalAxisGroup
>                     .nonstaff-unrelatedstaff-spacing.padding = 5
>         }
>         \lyricsto "music" {
>           Here are some lyrics
>         }
>         \new Staff {
>           \clef bass e'2 f e c
>         }
>       >>
>       \new PianoStaff
>       <<
>         \new Staff {
>           g''2 c'' c'' a''
>         }
>         \new Staff {
>           \clef bass e2 f c e
>         }
>       >>
>     >>

Well – yes it does, but perhaps too well. When we set the `padding` to 5, LilyPond adds 5 staff spaces to the distance between objects, which is too much for us here. We’ll use value 2 instead.

Next, let’s move the piano music away from the vocal parts. The vocal music is a `ChoirStaff` context, so we need to increase the spacing between that group of staves and the piano staff below. We’ll do this by changing the `basic-distance` sub-property of the `StaffGrouper` grob’s `staffgroup-staff-spacing`.

>     <<
>       \new ChoirStaff \with {
>         \override StaffGrouper
>                   .staffgroup-staff-spacing.basic-distance = 15
>       }
>       <<
>         \new Staff {
>           \new Voice = "music" {
>             b'2 c' c' c'
>           }
>         }
>         \new Lyrics \with {
>           \override VerticalAxisGroup
>                     .nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing.padding = 2
>           \override VerticalAxisGroup
>                     .nonstaff-unrelatedstaff-spacing.padding = 2
>         }
>         \lyricsto "music" {
>           Here are some lyrics
>         }
>         \new Staff {
>           \clef bass e'2 f e c
>         }
>       >>
>       \new PianoStaff
>       <<
>         \new Staff {
>           g''2 c'' c'' a''
>         }
>         \new Staff {
>           \clef bass e2 f c e
>         }
>       >>
>     >>

Excellent. Now just for the last requirement to make the piano staves closer together. To do this, we again alter the properties of the `StaffGrouper` grob, but this time we’re going to reduce both the `basic-distance` and the `padding`. We can do this as shown below.

>     <<
>       \new ChoirStaff \with {
>         \override StaffGrouper
>                   .staffgroup-staff-spacing.basic-distance = 15
>       }
>       <<
>         \new Staff {
>           \new Voice = "music" {
>             b'2 c' c' c'
>           }
>         }
>         \new Lyrics \with {
>           \override VerticalAxisGroup
>                     .nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing.padding = 2
>           \override VerticalAxisGroup
>                     .nonstaff-unrelatedstaff-spacing.padding = 2
>         }
>         \lyricsto "music" {
>           Here are some lyrics
>         }
>         \new Staff {
>           \clef bass e'2 f e c
>         }
>       >>
>       \new PianoStaff \with {
>         \override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing =
>                     #'((basic-distance . 0)
>                        (padding . 0))
>       }
>       <<
>         \new Staff {
>           g''2 c'' c'' a''
>         }
>         \new Staff {
>           \clef bass e2 f c e
>         }
>       >>
>     >>

That’s put them really close together – but it’s what the publisher wanted. They could be moved further apart by altering the `padding` or `basic-distance` if wanted.

There are many ways of altering vertical spacing. A key point to remember is that the spacing between objects in a `StaffGroup` (like `GrandStaff` or `PianoStaff` groups) is controlled by the spacing variables of the `StaffGrouper`. Spacing from ungrouped staves (like `Lyrics` and `Staff`) is controlled by the variables of the `VerticalAxisGroup`. See the Flexible vertical spacing paper variables and Flexible vertical spacing within systems for more details.

#### LilyPond 学习手册 v2.26.0 (stable-branch).

- 1 Installing
  - 1.1 Graphical setup
  - 1.2 Command line setup
- 2 教程
  - 2.1 编译文件
  - 2.2 如何写输入文件
    - 2.2.1 简单记谱法
      - 音高
      - 时值 (节奏)
      - 休止符
      - 拍子记号
      - 速度记号
      - 谱号（音部记号）
      - 所有的都放在一起
    - 2.2.2 处理输入文件
  - 2.3 处理报错
    - 2.3.1 一般解决问题的方法
    - 2.3.2 常见的错误
  - 2.4 如何阅读教程
    - 2.4.1 忽略掉的内容
    - 2.4.2 可以点开的例子
    - 2.4.3 手册概览
- 3 Common notation
  - 3.1 Single-staff notation
    - 3.1.1 Bar lines and bar checks
      - Bar lines
      - Bar checks
    - 3.1.2 Pitches and key signatures
      - Pitch alterations
      - Key signatures
      - Warning: key signatures and pitches
    - 3.1.3 Ties and slurs
      - Ties
      - Slurs
      - Phrasing slurs
      - Warnings: slurs vs. ties
    - 3.1.4 Articulations and dynamics
      - Articulations
      - Fingerings
      - Dynamics
    - 3.1.5 Adding text
    - 3.1.6 Automatic and manual beams
    - 3.1.7 Advanced rhythmic commands
      - Partial measure
      - Tuplets
      - Grace notes
  - 3.2 Multiple notes at once
    - 3.2.1 Music expressions explained
      - Analogy: mathematical expressions
      - Simultaneous music expressions: multiple staves
      - Simultaneous music expressions: single-staff
    - 3.2.2 Multiple staves
    - 3.2.3 Staff groups
    - 3.2.4 Combining notes into chords
    - 3.2.5 Single-staff polyphony
  - 3.3 Songs
    - 3.3.1 Setting simple songs
    - 3.3.2 Aligning lyrics to a melody
    - 3.3.3 Lyrics to multiple staves
  - 3.4 Final touches
    - 3.4.1 Organizing pieces with variables
    - 3.4.2 Adding titles
    - 3.4.3 Absolute note names
    - 3.4.4 After the tutorial
- 4 Fundamental concepts
  - 4.1 How LilyPond input files work
    - 4.1.1 Introduction to the LilyPond file structure
    - 4.1.2 A score is a (single) compound musical expression
    - 4.1.3 Nesting music expressions
    - 4.1.4 Structure of a note entry
    - 4.1.5 On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties
  - 4.2 Voices contain music
    - 4.2.1 I’m hearing voices
    - 4.2.2 Explicitly instantiating voices
    - 4.2.3 Voices and vocals
  - 4.3 Contexts and engravers
    - 4.3.1 Contexts explained
    - 4.3.2 Creating contexts
    - 4.3.3 Engravers explained
    - 4.3.4 Modifying context properties
    - 4.3.5 Adding and removing engravers
  - 4.4 Extending the templates
    - 4.4.1 Soprano and cello
    - 4.4.2 Four-part SATB vocal score
    - 4.4.3 Building a score from scratch
    - 4.4.4 Saving typing with variables and functions
    - 4.4.5 Scores and parts
- 5 Tweaking output
  - 5.1 Tweaking basics
    - 5.1.1 Objects and interfaces
    - 5.1.2 Naming conventions of objects and properties
    - 5.1.3 Tweaking methods
      - The `\override` command
      - The `\revert` command
      - The `\once` prefix
      - The `\tweak` and `\offset` commands
      - The `\single` prefix
  - 5.2 The Internals Reference manual
    - 5.2.1 Properties of layout objects
    - 5.2.2 Properties found in interfaces
    - 5.2.3 Types of properties
  - 5.3 Appearance of objects
    - 5.3.1 Visibility and color of objects
      - The `stencil` property
      - The `break-visibility` property
      - The `transparent` property
      - The `color` property
    - 5.3.2 Size of objects
    - 5.3.3 Length and thickness of objects
  - 5.4 Offsets and alignments
  - 5.5 Placement of objects
    - 5.5.1 Automatic behavior
    - 5.5.2 Within-staff objects
      - The `direction` property
      - Fingering
    - 5.5.3 Outside-staff objects
      - The `outside-staff-priority` property
      - The `\textLengthOn` command
      - Dynamics placement
      - Grob sizing
  - 5.6 Vertical spacing
  - 5.7 Collisions of objects
    - 5.7.1 Moving objects
    - 5.7.2 Fixing overlapping notation
      - The `padding` property
      - The `right-padding` property
      - The `staff-padding` property
      - The `self-alignment-X` property
      - The `staff-position` property
      - The `extra-offset` property
      - The `positions` property
      - The `force-hshift` property
    - 5.7.3 Real music example
  - 5.8 Further tweaking
    - 5.8.1 Other uses for tweaks
      - Tying notes across voices
      - Simulating a fermata in MIDI
    - 5.8.2 Using variables for layout adjustments
    - 5.8.3 Style sheets
    - 5.8.4 Other sources of information
    - 5.8.5 Advanced tweaks with Scheme
- Appendix A Templates
  - A.1 Built-in templates
    - A.1.1 SATB template
    - A.1.2 SSAATTBB template
  - A.2 Single staff templates
    - A.2.1 Notes only
    - A.2.2 Notes and lyrics
    - A.2.3 Notes and chords
    - A.2.4 Notes, lyrics, and chords
  - A.3 Piano templates
    - A.3.1 Solo piano
    - A.3.2 Piano and melody with lyrics
    - A.3.3 Piano-centered lyrics
  - A.4 String quartet templates
    - A.4.1 String quartet
    - A.4.2 String quartet parts
  - A.5 Vocal ensembles templates
    - A.5.1 SATB vocal score
    - A.5.2 SATB vocal score and automatic piano reduction
    - A.5.3 SATB with aligned contexts
    - A.5.4 SATB on four staves
    - A.5.5 Solo verse and two-part refrain
    - A.5.6 Hymn tunes
    - A.5.7 Psalms
  - A.6 Orchestral templates
    - A.6.1 Orchestra, choir and piano
  - A.7 Ancient notation templates
    - A.7.1 Transcription of mensural music
    - A.7.2 Gregorian transcription template
  - A.8 Other templates
    - A.8.1 Jazz combo
- Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License
- Appendix C Index