Fingering (LilyPond 学习手册)

#### Fingering

The placement of fingering on single notes can also be controlled by the `direction` property, but changing `direction` has no effect on chords. As we shall see, there are special commands which allow the fingering of individual notes of chords to be controlled, with the fingering being placed above, below, to the left, or to the right of each note.

First, here’s the effect of `direction` on the fingering attached to single notes. The first bar shows the default behavior, and the following two bars shows the effect of specifying `DOWN` and `UP`:

>     \relative {
>       c''4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
>       \override Fingering.direction = #DOWN
>       c4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
>       \override Fingering.direction = #UP
>       c4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
>     }

However, overriding the `direction` property is not the easiest way of manually setting the fingering above or below the notes; using ‘`_`’ or ‘`^`’ instead of ‘`-`’ before the fingering number is usually preferable. Here is the previous example using this method:

>     \relative {
>       c''4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
>       c4_5 a_3 f_1 c'_5 |
>       c4^5 a^3 f^1 c'^5 |
>     }

The `direction` property is ignored for chords, but the directional prefixes, ‘`_`’ and ‘`^`’, do work. By default, the fingering is automatically placed both above and below the notes of a chord, as shown:

>     \relative {
>       <c''-5 g-3>4
>       <c-5 g-3 e-2>4
>       <c-5 g-3 e-2 c-1>4
>     }

but this may be overridden to manually force all or any of the individual fingering numbers above or below:

>     \relative {
>       <c''-5 g-3 e-2 c-1>4
>       <c^5 g_3 e_2 c_1>4
>       <c^5 g^3 e^2 c_1>4
>     }

Even greater control over the placement of fingering of the individual notes in a chord is possible by using the `\set fingeringOrientations` command. The format of this command is:

    \set fingeringOrientations = #'([up] [left/right] [down])

`\set` is used because `fingeringOrientations` is a property of the `Voice` context, created and used by the `New_fingering_engraver`.

The property may be set to a list of one to three values. It controls whether fingerings may be placed above (if `up` appears in the list), below (if `down` appears), to the left (if `left` appears), or to the right (if `right` appears). Conversely, if a location is not listed, no fingering is placed there. LilyPond takes these constraints and works out the best placement for the fingering of the notes of the following chords. Note that `left` and `right` are mutually exclusive – fingerings may be placed only on one side or the other, not both.

注意：To control the placement of the fingering of a single note using this command it is necessary to write it as a single-note chord by placing angle brackets round it.

Here are a few examples:

>     \relative {
>       \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
>       <f'-2>4
>       <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
>       \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
>       <f-2>4
>       <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
>       \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left down)
>       <f-2>4
>       <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
>       \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left)
>       <f-2>4
>       <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
>       \set fingeringOrientations = #'(right)
>       <f-2>4
>       <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
>     }

If the fingering seems a little crowded the `font-size` could be reduced. The default value can be seen from the `Fingering` object in the IR to be `-5`, so let’s try `-7`:

>     \relative {
>       \override Fingering.font-size = -7
>       \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
>       <f'-2>4
>       <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
>       \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
>       <f-2>4
>       <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
>       \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left down)
>       <f-2>4
>       <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
>       \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left)
>       <f-2>4
>       <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
>       \set fingeringOrientations = #'(right)
>       <f-2>4
>       <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
>     }

#### LilyPond 学习手册 v2.26.0 (stable-branch).

- 1 Installing
  - 1.1 Graphical setup
  - 1.2 Command line setup
- 2 教程
  - 2.1 编译文件
  - 2.2 如何写输入文件
    - 2.2.1 简单记谱法
      - 音高
      - 时值 (节奏)
      - 休止符
      - 拍子记号
      - 速度记号
      - 谱号（音部记号）
      - 所有的都放在一起
    - 2.2.2 处理输入文件
  - 2.3 处理报错
    - 2.3.1 一般解决问题的方法
    - 2.3.2 常见的错误
  - 2.4 如何阅读教程
    - 2.4.1 忽略掉的内容
    - 2.4.2 可以点开的例子
    - 2.4.3 手册概览
- 3 Common notation
  - 3.1 Single-staff notation
    - 3.1.1 Bar lines and bar checks
      - Bar lines
      - Bar checks
    - 3.1.2 Pitches and key signatures
      - Pitch alterations
      - Key signatures
      - Warning: key signatures and pitches
    - 3.1.3 Ties and slurs
      - Ties
      - Slurs
      - Phrasing slurs
      - Warnings: slurs vs. ties
    - 3.1.4 Articulations and dynamics
      - Articulations
      - Fingerings
      - Dynamics
    - 3.1.5 Adding text
    - 3.1.6 Automatic and manual beams
    - 3.1.7 Advanced rhythmic commands
      - Partial measure
      - Tuplets
      - Grace notes
  - 3.2 Multiple notes at once
    - 3.2.1 Music expressions explained
      - Analogy: mathematical expressions
      - Simultaneous music expressions: multiple staves
      - Simultaneous music expressions: single-staff
    - 3.2.2 Multiple staves
    - 3.2.3 Staff groups
    - 3.2.4 Combining notes into chords
    - 3.2.5 Single-staff polyphony
  - 3.3 Songs
    - 3.3.1 Setting simple songs
    - 3.3.2 Aligning lyrics to a melody
    - 3.3.3 Lyrics to multiple staves
  - 3.4 Final touches
    - 3.4.1 Organizing pieces with variables
    - 3.4.2 Adding titles
    - 3.4.3 Absolute note names
    - 3.4.4 After the tutorial
- 4 Fundamental concepts
  - 4.1 How LilyPond input files work
    - 4.1.1 Introduction to the LilyPond file structure
    - 4.1.2 A score is a (single) compound musical expression
    - 4.1.3 Nesting music expressions
    - 4.1.4 Structure of a note entry
    - 4.1.5 On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties
  - 4.2 Voices contain music
    - 4.2.1 I’m hearing voices
    - 4.2.2 Explicitly instantiating voices
    - 4.2.3 Voices and vocals
  - 4.3 Contexts and engravers
    - 4.3.1 Contexts explained
    - 4.3.2 Creating contexts
    - 4.3.3 Engravers explained
    - 4.3.4 Modifying context properties
    - 4.3.5 Adding and removing engravers
  - 4.4 Extending the templates
    - 4.4.1 Soprano and cello
    - 4.4.2 Four-part SATB vocal score
    - 4.4.3 Building a score from scratch
    - 4.4.4 Saving typing with variables and functions
    - 4.4.5 Scores and parts
- 5 Tweaking output
  - 5.1 Tweaking basics
    - 5.1.1 Objects and interfaces
    - 5.1.2 Naming conventions of objects and properties
    - 5.1.3 Tweaking methods
      - The `\override` command
      - The `\revert` command
      - The `\once` prefix
      - The `\tweak` and `\offset` commands
      - The `\single` prefix
  - 5.2 The Internals Reference manual
    - 5.2.1 Properties of layout objects
    - 5.2.2 Properties found in interfaces
    - 5.2.3 Types of properties
  - 5.3 Appearance of objects
    - 5.3.1 Visibility and color of objects
      - The `stencil` property
      - The `break-visibility` property
      - The `transparent` property
      - The `color` property
    - 5.3.2 Size of objects
    - 5.3.3 Length and thickness of objects
  - 5.4 Offsets and alignments
  - 5.5 Placement of objects
    - 5.5.1 Automatic behavior
    - 5.5.2 Within-staff objects
      - The `direction` property
      - Fingering
    - 5.5.3 Outside-staff objects
      - The `outside-staff-priority` property
      - The `\textLengthOn` command
      - Dynamics placement
      - Grob sizing
  - 5.6 Vertical spacing
  - 5.7 Collisions of objects
    - 5.7.1 Moving objects
    - 5.7.2 Fixing overlapping notation
      - The `padding` property
      - The `right-padding` property
      - The `staff-padding` property
      - The `self-alignment-X` property
      - The `staff-position` property
      - The `extra-offset` property
      - The `positions` property
      - The `force-hshift` property
    - 5.7.3 Real music example
  - 5.8 Further tweaking
    - 5.8.1 Other uses for tweaks
      - Tying notes across voices
      - Simulating a fermata in MIDI
    - 5.8.2 Using variables for layout adjustments
    - 5.8.3 Style sheets
    - 5.8.4 Other sources of information
    - 5.8.5 Advanced tweaks with Scheme
- Appendix A Templates
  - A.1 Built-in templates
    - A.1.1 SATB template
    - A.1.2 SSAATTBB template
  - A.2 Single staff templates
    - A.2.1 Notes only
    - A.2.2 Notes and lyrics
    - A.2.3 Notes and chords
    - A.2.4 Notes, lyrics, and chords
  - A.3 Piano templates
    - A.3.1 Solo piano
    - A.3.2 Piano and melody with lyrics
    - A.3.3 Piano-centered lyrics
  - A.4 String quartet templates
    - A.4.1 String quartet
    - A.4.2 String quartet parts
  - A.5 Vocal ensembles templates
    - A.5.1 SATB vocal score
    - A.5.2 SATB vocal score and automatic piano reduction
    - A.5.3 SATB with aligned contexts
    - A.5.4 SATB on four staves
    - A.5.5 Solo verse and two-part refrain
    - A.5.6 Hymn tunes
    - A.5.7 Psalms
  - A.6 Orchestral templates
    - A.6.1 Orchestra, choir and piano
  - A.7 Ancient notation templates
    - A.7.1 Transcription of mensural music
    - A.7.2 Gregorian transcription template
  - A.8 Other templates
    - A.8.1 Jazz combo
- Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License
- Appendix C Index