4.2.3 Voices and vocals (LilyPond 学习手册)

#### 4.2.3 Voices and vocals

Vocal music presents a special difficulty: we need to combine two expressions – notes and lyrics.

You have already seen the `\addlyrics` command, which handles simple scores well. However, this technique is quite limited. For more complex music, you must introduce the lyrics in a `Lyrics` context using `\new Lyrics` and explicitly link the lyrics to the notes with `\lyricsto`, using the name assigned to the `Voice` context.

>     <<
>       \new Voice = "one" {
>         \relative {
>           \autoBeamOff
>           \time 2/4
>           c''4 b8. a16 | g4. f8 | e4 d | c2 |
>         }
>       }
>       \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" {
>         No more let | sins and | sor -- rows | grow. |
>       }
>     >>

Note that the lyrics must be linked to a `Voice` context, not a `Staff` context. This is a case where it is necessary to create `Staff` and `Voice` contexts explicitly.

The automatic beaming that LilyPond uses by default works well for instrumental music, but not so well for music with lyrics, where beaming is either not required at all or is used to indicate melismata in the lyrics. In the example above we use the command `\autoBeamOff` to turn off the automatic beaming.

Let us reuse the earlier example from Judas Maccabæus to illustrate this more flexible technique. We first recast it to use variables so the music and lyrics can be separated from the staff structure. We also introduce a `ChoirStaff` bracket. The lyrics themselves must be introduced with `\lyricmode` to ensure they are interpreted as lyrics rather than music.

>     global = { \key f \major \time 6/8 \partial 8 }

>     SopOneMusic = \relative {
>       c''8 | c8([ bes)] a a([ g)] f | f'4. b, | c4.~ 4
>     }
>     SopOneLyrics = \lyricmode {
>       Let | flee -- cy flocks the | hills a -- dorn, __
>     }
>     SopTwoMusic = \relative {
>       r8 | r4. r4 c'8 | a'8([ g)] f f([ e)] d | e8([ d)] c bes'
>     }
>     SopTwoLyrics = \lyricmode {
>       Let | flee -- cy flocks the | hills a -- dorn,
>     }

>     \score {
>       \new ChoirStaff <<
>         \new Staff <<
>           \new Voice = "SopOne" {
>             \global
>             \SopOneMusic
>           }
>           \new Lyrics \lyricsto "SopOne" {
>             \SopOneLyrics
>           }
>         >>
>         \new Staff <<
>           \new Voice = "SopTwo" {
>             \global
>             \SopTwoMusic
>           }
>           \new Lyrics \lyricsto "SopTwo" {
>             \SopTwoLyrics
>           }
>         >>
>       >>
>     }

This is the basic structure of all vocal scores. More staves may be added as required, more voices may be added to the staves, more verses may be added to the lyrics, and the variables containing the music can easily be placed in separate files should they become too long.

Here is an example of the first line of a hymn with four verses, set for SATB. In this case the words for all four parts are the same. Note how we use variables to separate the music notation and words from the staff structure. See too how a variable, which we have chosen to call `keyTime`, is used to hold several commands for use within the two staves. In other examples this is often called ‘global’.

>     keyTime = { \key c \major \time 4/4 \partial 4 }

>     SopMusic   = \relative { c'4 | e4. e8 g4  g    | a4   a   g  }
>     AltoMusic  = \relative { c'4 | c4. c8 e4  e    | f4   f   e  }
>     TenorMusic = \relative {  e4 | g4. g8 c4.   b8 | a8 b c d e4 }
>     BassMusic  = \relative {  c4 | c4. c8 c4  c    | f8 g a b c4 }

>     VerseOne =
>       \lyricmode { E -- | ter -- nal fa -- ther, | strong to save, }
>     VerseTwo   =
>       \lyricmode { O | Christ, whose voice the | wa -- ters heard, }
>     VerseThree =
>       \lyricmode { O | Ho -- ly Spi -- rit, | who didst brood }
>     VerseFour  =
>       \lyricmode { O | Tri -- ni -- ty of | love and pow'r }

>     \score {
>       \new ChoirStaff <<
>         \new Staff <<
>           \clef "treble"
>           \new Voice = "Sop"  { \voiceOne \keyTime \SopMusic }
>           \new Voice = "Alto" { \voiceTwo \AltoMusic }
>           \new Lyrics \lyricsto "Sop" { \VerseOne   }
>           \new Lyrics \lyricsto "Sop" { \VerseTwo   }
>           \new Lyrics \lyricsto "Sop" { \VerseThree }
>           \new Lyrics \lyricsto "Sop" { \VerseFour  }
>         >>
>         \new Staff <<
>           \clef "bass"
>           \new Voice = "Tenor" { \voiceOne \keyTime \TenorMusic }
>           \new Voice = "Bass"  { \voiceTwo \BassMusic }
>         >>
>       >>
>     }

#### 参见

Notation Reference: Vocal music.

#### LilyPond 学习手册 v2.26.0 (stable-branch).

- 1 Installing
  - 1.1 Graphical setup
  - 1.2 Command line setup
- 2 教程
  - 2.1 编译文件
  - 2.2 如何写输入文件
    - 2.2.1 简单记谱法
      - 音高
      - 时值 (节奏)
      - 休止符
      - 拍子记号
      - 速度记号
      - 谱号（音部记号）
      - 所有的都放在一起
    - 2.2.2 处理输入文件
  - 2.3 处理报错
    - 2.3.1 一般解决问题的方法
    - 2.3.2 常见的错误
  - 2.4 如何阅读教程
    - 2.4.1 忽略掉的内容
    - 2.4.2 可以点开的例子
    - 2.4.3 手册概览
- 3 Common notation
  - 3.1 Single-staff notation
    - 3.1.1 Bar lines and bar checks
      - Bar lines
      - Bar checks
    - 3.1.2 Pitches and key signatures
      - Pitch alterations
      - Key signatures
      - Warning: key signatures and pitches
    - 3.1.3 Ties and slurs
      - Ties
      - Slurs
      - Phrasing slurs
      - Warnings: slurs vs. ties
    - 3.1.4 Articulations and dynamics
      - Articulations
      - Fingerings
      - Dynamics
    - 3.1.5 Adding text
    - 3.1.6 Automatic and manual beams
    - 3.1.7 Advanced rhythmic commands
      - Partial measure
      - Tuplets
      - Grace notes
  - 3.2 Multiple notes at once
    - 3.2.1 Music expressions explained
      - Analogy: mathematical expressions
      - Simultaneous music expressions: multiple staves
      - Simultaneous music expressions: single-staff
    - 3.2.2 Multiple staves
    - 3.2.3 Staff groups
    - 3.2.4 Combining notes into chords
    - 3.2.5 Single-staff polyphony
  - 3.3 Songs
    - 3.3.1 Setting simple songs
    - 3.3.2 Aligning lyrics to a melody
    - 3.3.3 Lyrics to multiple staves
  - 3.4 Final touches
    - 3.4.1 Organizing pieces with variables
    - 3.4.2 Adding titles
    - 3.4.3 Absolute note names
    - 3.4.4 After the tutorial
- 4 Fundamental concepts
  - 4.1 How LilyPond input files work
    - 4.1.1 Introduction to the LilyPond file structure
    - 4.1.2 A score is a (single) compound musical expression
    - 4.1.3 Nesting music expressions
    - 4.1.4 Structure of a note entry
    - 4.1.5 On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties
  - 4.2 Voices contain music
    - 4.2.1 I’m hearing voices
    - 4.2.2 Explicitly instantiating voices
    - 4.2.3 Voices and vocals
  - 4.3 Contexts and engravers
    - 4.3.1 Contexts explained
    - 4.3.2 Creating contexts
    - 4.3.3 Engravers explained
    - 4.3.4 Modifying context properties
    - 4.3.5 Adding and removing engravers
  - 4.4 Extending the templates
    - 4.4.1 Soprano and cello
    - 4.4.2 Four-part SATB vocal score
    - 4.4.3 Building a score from scratch
    - 4.4.4 Saving typing with variables and functions
    - 4.4.5 Scores and parts
- 5 Tweaking output
  - 5.1 Tweaking basics
    - 5.1.1 Objects and interfaces
    - 5.1.2 Naming conventions of objects and properties
    - 5.1.3 Tweaking methods
      - The `\override` command
      - The `\revert` command
      - The `\once` prefix
      - The `\tweak` and `\offset` commands
      - The `\single` prefix
  - 5.2 The Internals Reference manual
    - 5.2.1 Properties of layout objects
    - 5.2.2 Properties found in interfaces
    - 5.2.3 Types of properties
  - 5.3 Appearance of objects
    - 5.3.1 Visibility and color of objects
      - The `stencil` property
      - The `break-visibility` property
      - The `transparent` property
      - The `color` property
    - 5.3.2 Size of objects
    - 5.3.3 Length and thickness of objects
  - 5.4 Offsets and alignments
  - 5.5 Placement of objects
    - 5.5.1 Automatic behavior
    - 5.5.2 Within-staff objects
      - The `direction` property
      - Fingering
    - 5.5.3 Outside-staff objects
      - The `outside-staff-priority` property
      - The `\textLengthOn` command
      - Dynamics placement
      - Grob sizing
  - 5.6 Vertical spacing
  - 5.7 Collisions of objects
    - 5.7.1 Moving objects
    - 5.7.2 Fixing overlapping notation
      - The `padding` property
      - The `right-padding` property
      - The `staff-padding` property
      - The `self-alignment-X` property
      - The `staff-position` property
      - The `extra-offset` property
      - The `positions` property
      - The `force-hshift` property
    - 5.7.3 Real music example
  - 5.8 Further tweaking
    - 5.8.1 Other uses for tweaks
      - Tying notes across voices
      - Simulating a fermata in MIDI
    - 5.8.2 Using variables for layout adjustments
    - 5.8.3 Style sheets
    - 5.8.4 Other sources of information
    - 5.8.5 Advanced tweaks with Scheme
- Appendix A Templates
  - A.1 Built-in templates
    - A.1.1 SATB template
    - A.1.2 SSAATTBB template
  - A.2 Single staff templates
    - A.2.1 Notes only
    - A.2.2 Notes and lyrics
    - A.2.3 Notes and chords
    - A.2.4 Notes, lyrics, and chords
  - A.3 Piano templates
    - A.3.1 Solo piano
    - A.3.2 Piano and melody with lyrics
    - A.3.3 Piano-centered lyrics
  - A.4 String quartet templates
    - A.4.1 String quartet
    - A.4.2 String quartet parts
  - A.5 Vocal ensembles templates
    - A.5.1 SATB vocal score
    - A.5.2 SATB vocal score and automatic piano reduction
    - A.5.3 SATB with aligned contexts
    - A.5.4 SATB on four staves
    - A.5.5 Solo verse and two-part refrain
    - A.5.6 Hymn tunes
    - A.5.7 Psalms
  - A.6 Orchestral templates
    - A.6.1 Orchestra, choir and piano
  - A.7 Ancient notation templates
    - A.7.1 Transcription of mensural music
    - A.7.2 Gregorian transcription template
  - A.8 Other templates
    - A.8.1 Jazz combo
- Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License
- Appendix C Index